Element 8: General workplace issues

8.1 Health, welfare and work environment                                                            

• Health and welfare:

> supply of drinking water, washing facilities, sanitary conveniences, accommodation for clothing,

rest and eating facilities, seating, ventilation, heating and lighting

• The effects of exposure to extremes of temperature; control measures.

8.2 Working at height                                                                                            

• What affects risk from working at height, including vertical distance, fragile roofs, deterioration of materials, unprotected edges, unstable/poorly maintained access equipment, weather and falling materials
• Hierarchy for selecting equipment for working safely at height:

> avoid working at height by, for example, using extendable tools to work from ground level; assembly of components/equipment at ground level

> prevent a fall from occurring by using an existing workplace that is known to be safe, such as a solid roof with fixed guardrails; use of suitable equipment such as mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs), scaffolds; work restraint systems

> minimize the distance and/or consequence of a fall, by collective measures such as safety nets and airbags installed close to the level of work, and personal protective measures such as fall-arrest systems

• Main precautions necessary to prevent falls and falling materials, including proper planning and supervision of work, avoiding working in adverse weather conditions
• Emergency rescue
• Provision of training, instruction and other measures
• General precautions when using common forms of work equipment to prevent falls, including: ladders, stepladders, scaffolds (independent tied and mobile tower), MEWPs, trestle

8.3 Safe working in confined spaces                                                                        

• Types of confined spaces and why they are dangerous
• The main hazards associated with working within a confined space
• What should be considered when assessing risks from a confined space
• The precautions to be included in a safe system of work for confined spaces
• When a permit-to-work for confined spaces would not be required.

8.4 Lone working                                                                                                     

• What a lone worker is and typical examples of lone working
• Particular hazards of lone working
• Control measures for lone working
• What should be considered when assessing risks of lone working.

8.5 Slips and trips                                                                                                    

• Common causes of slips and trips, including: uneven or unsuitable surfaces, trailing cables, obstructions in walkways, unsuitable footwear.
• Main control measures for slips and trips, including: non-slip surfaces, maintenance, housekeeping.

8.6 Safe movement of people and vehicles in the workplace                                 

• Hazards to pedestrians:

> being struck by moving, flying or falling objects

> Collisions with moving vehicles

> striking against fixed or stationary objects

• Hazards from workplace transport operations (vehicle movement, non-movement)
• Control measures to manage workplace transport:

> Safe site (design and activity)

– Suitability of traffic routes (including site access and egress pedestrian-only zones and crossing points)

– Spillage control

– Management of vehicle movements

– Environmental considerations: visibility/lighting, gradients, changes of level, surface conditions (use of

Non-slip coatings)

– segregating pedestrians and vehicles and measures to be taken when segregation is not practicable

– Protective measures for people and structures (barriers, marking signs, warnings of vehicle approach

And reversing)

– Site rules (including speed limits)

> Safe vehicles

– Suitable vehicles

– Maintenance/repair of vehicles

– Visibility from vehicles/reversing aids

– Driver protection and restraint systems

> Safe drivers

– Selection and training of drivers

– Banksman (reversing assistant)

– Management systems for assuring driver competence, including local codes of practice.

8.7 Work-related driving                                                                                      

• Managing work-related driving:

> Plan

– assess the risks

– Policy

– Work-related driving taken account of by top management

– Roles and responsibilities

> do

– Co-operation between departments (where relevant)

– Adequate systems in place, including maintenance strategies

– Communication and consultation with the workforce

– Provision of adequate instruction and training

> check

– Monitor performance (ensures the policy is working correctly)

– ensure all workers report work-related road incidents or near misses

> Act

– review performance and learn from experience

– Regularly update the policy

• Work-related driving control measures:

> Safe driver (competence – checks on level of skill/experience, validity of driving licence; provision of instruction; fitness to drive)

> safe vehicle (vehicles fit for purpose for which they are being used; maintained in a safe condition; adequate safety devices; maximum load weight not exceeded; adequate restraints for securing goods)

> Safe journey (planning of routes; realistic work schedule – enough time to complete the journey safely, allowing for driving breaks; consideration of weather conditions; consideration of legal driving hours where relevant)

• Hazards associated with the use of electric and hybrid vehicles:

> Silent operation/pedestrians not being aware of vehicles maneuvering

> Availability and location of charging points

> Electric shock for high voltage components and cabling

> retained electrical charge in components even when the vehicle is switched off

> Unexpected movement of the vehicle or engine components due to the motor’s magnetic forces

> Potential for the release of explosive gases and harmful liquids from damaged batteries.

8.1 Health, welfare and work environment

The Workplace (Health, Safety, and Welfare) Regulation of 1992, which are applicable to most workplaces, address a wide variety of fundamental health, safety, and welfare issues (with the exception of those workplaces involving construction work on construction sites, those in or on a ship, or those below ground at a mine). The Work at Height Regulations of 2005, the Building (Design and Management) Regulations of 2007, the Quarries Regulations of 1999, and other regulations have modified them.

This leaflet gives a brief outline of the requirements of the Workplace Regulations.

Health

The measures outlined in this section contribute to the general working environment of people in the workplace.

Ventilation

Workplaces must have enough ventilation. The workrooms should be circulated with fresh, clean air that has not been contaminated by emissions from chimneys, flues, or other process outputs.

Moreover, ventilation should remove and diffuse warm, humid air and create air movement that feels fresh without creating a draught. More fresh air will be required to provide proper ventilation if the workplace has heating or processing equipment, as well as additional sources of dust, fumes, or vapours. Windows or other openings may offer adequate ventilation, but if mechanical ventilation systems are required, they should be installed and kept in good working order.

Temperatures in indoor workplaces

An individual’s “thermal comfort” is influenced by a combination of environmental and personal factors, including humidity levels and heat sources in the workplace, as well as physical demands placed on the worker by their work and the gear they are wearing. It is challenging to define a thermal environment that pleases everyone due to individual preferences. Offices, for example, where most of the work is sedentary, should typically have a temperature of at least 16 °C. if the job requires

Physical effort it should be at least 13 °C (unless other laws require lower temperatures).

Work in hot or cold environments

As working conditions deviate more from what is considered to be a comfortable level, the risk to employees’ health grows. Workplaces with high air temperatures, high amounts of thermal radiation, or high humidity, such as foundries, glassworks, and laundries, can all increase the risk of heat stress. Working in cold stores, kitchens, or outside during the winter might cause cold stress, for instance.

Both personal and environmental aspects need to be taken into account when assessing the health risk that working in hot or cold environments poses to employees. Body movement, the type and amount of clothing worn, and the length of exposure are examples of personal aspects. The ambient temperature, radiant heat, and, if the task is being done outside, sunlight, wind speed, and the likelihood of rain or snow, are all environmental influences.

Actions arising from your assessment may include:

■ By insulating any plant that works as a radiant heat source, engineering techniques can be introduced to control the thermal effects in a workplace environment, such as heat effects. This will improve airflow, boost ventilation rates, and maintain the right level of humidity. When a structure cannot be oriented to avoid the effects of solar loading, the radiant heat impacts of the sun on inside spaces can be reduced by using window coverings like blinds or shutters. When personnel are exposed to cold temperatures and it is not practical to prevent exposure, you should take into account several options, such as using forklift trucks with cab heaters in cold storage facilities;

■ Limiting exposure, for instance, by rearranging duties to incorporate rest breaks or other breaks from work. This will enable workers to rest in a cosy setting and, if necessary, to replenish vital fluids to fend off dehydration or the cold. Workers may require more frequent rest breaks and a place to change into dry clothing if work rates produce excessive sweating;

■ Medical pre-selection of workers to make sure they are healthy enough to work in these conditions;

■ wearing proper personal protective equipment (which, depending on whether the risk is from heat or cold, may need to be insulating or heat resistant);

■ Workers’ adaptation to their working environment, especially in hot environments;

■ Instruction in the necessary precautions; and

■ Supervision to make sure the safety measures recommended by the evaluation are followed

Lighting

There should be enough light for individuals to work and move around securely. If necessary, local lighting should be installed at each workplace as well as in high-risk areas such intersections on roads. Lights and lighting fixtures shouldn’t pose any risks.

Where a rapid loss of light poses a concern, automatic emergency lighting should be installed and powered by a separate source.

Cleanliness and waste materials

Every workplace should be kept tidy, as should the furniture, fittings, and furnishings. It should also be possible to keep the surfaces of the floors, walls, and ceilings tidy. Cleaning and garbage collection should be done as needed using an efficient approach. Trash should be kept in appropriate containers.

Room dimensions and space

Workspaces should have adequate room for people to move around comfortably. When the number of people who typically work there is divided by the volume of the room when it is vacant, the result should be at least 11 cubic metres. Any portion or all of a room that is higher than 3.0 m should be measured at 3.0 m. A minimum of 11 cubic metres per person may not be sufficient, depending on the design, contents, and type of work.

Workstations and seating

Workstations should be appropriate for the users and the tasks they perform. In an emergency, people should be able to quickly abandon their workplaces. Seats that are appropriate for the persons using them and the work they do should be supplied if work can or must be done while sitting. For workers who can’t put their feet flat on the floor, footrests should be available, and seating should provide enough lower back support.

Welfare

Sanitary conveniences and washing facilities

At easily accessible locations, suitable and adequate sanitary facilities and washing facilities should be offered. They should be kept tidy, with enough ventilation and lighting, in the rooms where they are located. Running hot and cold or warm water, soap, and clean towels or other means of cleaning or drying should all be available in the laundry facilities. Showers should be made available as well, if the nature of employment so requires. Unless each facility is in a separate room with a lockable door and is intended for use by only one person at a time, men and women should have separate restrooms.

Drinking water

There should be a sufficient quantity of high-quality drinking water available, along with appropriate cups or an upward drinking jet. Since water cannot be received directly from a mains supply, it shall only be provided in re-usable enclosed containers. The containers must be filled at least once every day (unless they are chilled water dispensers where the containers are returned to the supplier for refilling). It is still possible to offer bottled water and water dispensers as a backup source of drinking water. Unless there is a high risk of individuals consuming non-drinking water, drinking water does not need to be labelled.

Accommodation for clothing and facilities for changing

Workers’ personal clothing and special apparel should be stored in a location that is adequate, suitable, and secure. The facilities should make it possible to dry clothes as much as is practical. Workers who change into particular work attire should also have access to changing facilities. The restrooms should be easily accessible from the work areas, eating areas, and restrooms. They should also guarantee the privacy of the user, have enough space, and include seating.

Facilities for rest and to eat meals

Restrooms that are appropriate, ample, and easily accessible should be offered. Workers should have access to seats for usage during breaks. They ought to be situated where it is not necessary to use personal protective equipment. Rest areas or rooms should be big enough, have enough tables and chairs, and have enough seats with backrests for however many workers are expected to use them at once. They should also have proper access and enough seating for however many employees who are disabled.

Where employees regularly have lunch at work, adequate and suitable facilities should be offered. Also, such facilities should be offered in areas where food would otherwise be at risk of contamination.

If a work area is sufficiently clean and has a suitable surface for placing food, it might be considered a rest area and an eating facility.

Where available, eating establishments ought to have a place where people can make or get hot drinks. Workers may need to be given a means of heating their own food if hot food can’t be found at or close to the workplace (eg microwave oven).

Restrooms may be utilised in canteens or restaurants as long as there is no requirement to buy food. Pregnant and breastfeeding mothers should have access to appropriate rest areas. They ought to be close to restrooms and, if necessary, have a place to lay down.

8.2 Working at height

Work at height risks

Vertical Distance

The possible risk of injury from employment at height clearly takes the vertical distance into account. Although there is some validity to the idea that the further a person falls, the more severe their injuries will be, a significant portion of fatalities actually arise from falls from two metres or less, therefore this is not the only crucial factor to take into account..

Roofs

Roof work includes building and maintaining roofs, such as replacing tiles, cleaning gutters, and repairing chimneys.

Many accidents occur during small jobs and maintenance work.

Particular dangers arise with two types of roof:

• Fragile Roofs

Any roofing structure that isn’t built to support weight and is merely strong enough to withstand the forces of the elements should be regarded as weak. The weight of a worker can cause roofing materials including cement, asbestos, glass, reinforced polymers, and light tongue and groove wood wrapped with roofing felt to collapse.

Fragile roofs should be clearly signed.

Using roof ladders or crawling boards is typically the safest working technique for vulnerable roofs. They are spread out throughout the roof surface, supported by the load-bearing roof components below, and help to evenly distribute the worker’s weight so that the roof structure can safely support it.

Sloping (Pitched) Roofs

They have a pitch of more than 10 degrees. Even when the eaves are low, as on a single-story building, falls from the edges of sloping roofs can result in catastrophic damage. The severity of the injuries received can increase if the person has slipped down the roof from the crest because they may gain speed as they descend the slope and be propelled off the edge, which increases the force of impact with the ground.

Deterioration Of Materials

The building that workers are working on should be in good condition. Yet, when exposed to the elements, assaulted by insects, etc., materials deteriorate with time.

Unsound materials represent a hazard in two ways:

• The material can break when a person puts his/her weight on it, causing a fall through the surface.
• The material can break off and fall to hit people below.

Care must be made to ensure that materials are sound and secure because deterioration may not always be obvious until it is too late.

Unprotected Edges

The risk of falls or falling objects is significantly raised where the edges of surfaces on which people are working are open.

This applies to a range of surfaces, including roofs, elevated walkways, scaffolding and access platforms, etc.

Unstable or Poorly Maintained Access Equipment

Towers, platforms, ladders, and scaffolding are examples of access equipment. There are inherent risks associated with operating this equipment, but they are heightened if it is not adequately stable and secured.

A catastrophic collapse or topple can result from overloading the equipment, strong winds, or overreaching. Access equipment that is improperly sited, poorly designed, or inadequately secured will already be unstable.

To ensure stability, access equipment needs to be maintained properly. This must be done by a qualified individual and is frequently constrained by regulatory limitations, such as inspection frequency limits.

Weather

The weather can increase the risks associated with working at height:

• Rain or freezing conditions can increase the risk of slipping.
• High winds can make access equipment unstable, blow loose materials off and, in extreme cases, cause workers to fall off.
• Cold conditions cause loss of manual dexterity and can lead to increased risk of muscle injuries.

Falling Materials

Items that fall from a height have the potential to seriously harm anyone they strike as well as other objects and people. The actual things themselves could be stray building materials, trash, or accidentally dropped machinery or tools.

• Circumstances that contribute to the likelihood of falling materials include:
• Deterioration of structures, causing crumbling brickwork or loose tiles.
• Poor storage of materials, e.g. at the edges of scaffold platforms, or in unstable stacks.
• Poor housekeeping, leading to accumulations of waste and loose materials.
• Gaps in platform surfaces or between access platforms and walls.
• Open, unprotected edges.
• Incorrect methods of getting materials from ground level to the working area.
• Incorrect methods of getting materials down to ground level, e.g. throwing.

Control measures

Employers should evaluate the hazards first. The task’s height, duration, and frequency should all be taken into consideration, as well as the state of the surface being worked on.

Before working at height they should work through these simple steps:

• avoid work at height where it’s reasonably practicable to do so;
• where work at height cannot be easily avoided, prevent falls using either an existing place of work that is already safe or the right type of equipment
• minimize the distance and consequences of a fall, by using the right type of equipment where the risk cannot be eliminated.

Always prioritise group protection (collective protection) measures over individual protection measures for each phase (personal protection).

Equipment that provides collective protection does not require the person working at heights to take any action in order for it to be effective. Examples include tower scaffolds, scissor lifts, and permanent or temporary guardrails.

Equipment used for personal defence must be used by the user in order to be effective. Putting on a safety harness properly and attaching it to a suitable anchor point with an energy-absorbing lanyard are two examples.

Preventing Falls And Falling Materials

• To prevent falls from height and flying objects, proper planning and work monitoring are crucial. Individuals in charge of such work must to be knowledgeable and skilled, using their expertise to guarantee:
• Choosing and utilising the appropriate access equipment.
• Appropriate supply and handling of equipment and supplies (especially getting them up and down from work locations).
• Sufficient information, training, and instruction for all parties involved.

To lower the dangers, routine inspections of the workplace, work tools, and work procedures are crucial. Unsafe behaviour shouldn’t be permitted and should be stopped right away. Be sure that everyone on the team understands why the work is being halted and what will happen if further dangerous behaviour continues. Unsafe circumstances should be immediately fixed.

A Simple Hierarchy Can Be Adopted To Prevent Falls:

Using guardrails, fences, toeboards, and other structures sturdy enough to stop a fall, create a secure working platform.

Provide properly placed personal equipment, such as rope access or boatswain’s chairs, where this is not feasible or reasonable.

Provide fall-arresting gear, such as a safety harness or safety net, if this is not possible and a worker can approach an exposed edge.

Although the final option does not prevent falls, it does reduce the fall’s length and effects (i.e. injury).

Prevention of injury caused by falling materials should be controlled using a similar approach:

Use physical safety measures such as toeboards and brick guards to prevent items from falling (see later).

If risk persists, utilise physical barriers like debris netting, fans (wooden shields angled to catch debris), and covered pathways to stop falling objects from striking persons below.

Guardrails And Toeboards

To prevent persons and goods from falling, protection should be given wherever practicable at all exposed edges. Guardrails, toeboards, and brick guards on scaffolding and other platforms can be used to do this. Whereas toeboards and brick guards primarily serve to prevent objects from falling, guardrails are intended to prevent humans from falling.

The Key Characteristics Of Any Guardrail Are That It Should:

• Fully enclose all of the exposed unprotected edges.
• Be robust enough so that it will not bend or distort when fallen against (e.g. it should not be a chain or rope).
• Be securely fixed in position so it will withstand any foreseeable impact.
• Be high enough to prevent a person from toppling over the top.
• Not have any excessively large gaps in it through which a person could fall.

Typically, toeboards are scaffold planks that have been installed at a 90° angle to the working platform. Although occasionally the inner edge (the one closest to the structure) also needs edge protection, they are often put at the outside edges and ends of the working platform. Toeboards guard against the casual kicking off of the platform of tiny items like debris and equipment.

Brickguards serve both the primary purpose of preventing greater quantities of material from falling and the secondary purpose of assisting in preventing people from falling.

On the margins of flat roofs, scaffolds, mobile tower scaffolds, mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs, such as cherry-pickers), and access cradles, the principle of employing guardrails, toeboards, and brick guards can be utilised (as used for window cleaning).

Any gaps in edge protection (e.g. to allow access by ladder) should be the minimum required for reasonable access.

Work Platforms

Work platforms (e.g. on a scaffold tower) should be:

• Sufficiently large to allow safe use.
• Capable of bearing the loads imposed upon them.
• Fully boarded to prevent gaps that could present tripping hazards, or allow materials or people to fall through.

The platform is typically constructed from scaffold boards that rest on a scaffold framework. Significant flaws in the boards should be absent, such as rotting wood, wide fissures, broken ends, or numerous/large notch cuts in the wood. Typically, three support members are required for boards. Boards shouldn’t overlap significantly past their supports (because of the possible see-saw effect).

Suspended Access Equipment

The typical component of suspended access equipment is a suspended cradle that is lowered into place from above. Guardrails and toe boards can completely enclose the cradle, creating a secure work area.

It may be required to employ personal suspended-access equipment, such as a boatswain’s chair, in some situations where using this kind of equipment is not practical.

Light, quick work can be done in a boatswain’s chair. The chair often has a back, a suspension point, and a way to transport tools. To avoid falls, the user should be securely fastened to the chair with a harness. The user controls the descent using the same abseiling techniques, albeit there shouldn’t be only one point of suspension.

Head Protection

• Construction and industrial sites should be designated as hard-hat-required locations since there is frequently a risk of falling or moving objects there. A hard helmet guards against a severe head injury brought on by:
• The impact from small objects that fall.
• Being struck by moving objects.

It won’t shield the wearer from severe impact, such what may happen if an object is dropped from a great height or is really big and heavy (like a scaffold tube) (e.g. a hammer from 10 storeys up). Other techniques should therefore be utilised to stop falling objects and control moving things.

It is preferable for a worker to wear a climbing helmet rather than a hard hat in some circumstances if they are at risk of hitting their head in the case of a fall. A climbing helmet will include a chin strap with four points of connection in order to protect the wearer from flying debris and head impacts in the case of a fall.

Emergency Rescue

For fairly foreseeable situations where personnel might become trapped while working at heights, emergency measures need to be created (e.g. unable to climb back after falling in a safety harness).

The rescue technique may be as easy as raising a ladder to a net and letting the victim descend. In other situations, the employment of additional tools for the job, including MEWPs or specialised rescue systems, may need to be taken into account.

Employers must make sure that people engaged are trained in the processes and that the necessary equipment is available, regardless of the method chosen, and provisions should be made to rescue a person if necessary.

Training and Information

Your staff need to have the appropriate training if you want them to work at heights safely. Period. In addition to the fact that training is needed by law, trying to defend yourself at a height without the right information leaves too much possibility for error and uncertainty. The biggest cause of death in the construction industry each year is falls. But, it’s not simply in building. Fall-related incidents can result in a lot of fatalities in many other industries. Give your staff the tools they need to stay safe by arming them with knowledge.

Working at height safely necessitates the correct training, concentration, and safety measures to be in place. Shortcuts and complacency can result in accidents that cause severe harm or death.

Access Equipments

Ladders

One of the most frequently employed and mishandled tools is the ladder. Each year, hundreds of workers who use ladders at work suffer injuries. You must understand how to recognise the hazards that lead to injuries and what to do to repair or eliminate them if you want to avoid ladder-related injuries. The following are a few risks connected to using ladders:

• Reaching or learning too far rather than moving the ladder.
• Placing the ladder on boxes or pallets to make it taller.
• Climbing the ladder while carrying items.
• Using the wrong ladder for the job, such as using a step ladder as a straight ladder.
• Standing on the very top step or rung.
• Placing an extension or straight ladder at the wrong angle.
• Worn or damaged ladders.
• Exceeding the ladders weight limit.
• Throwing tools to a worker who is on the ladder.
• Using metal ladders in areas where contact with electrical wires could occur.
• Proximity to live overhead power cables

Leaning ladders

When using a leaning ladder to carry out a task:

• Only transport lightweight equipment and supplies; evaluate the hazards by reading the manufacturer’s labels on the ladder;
• avoid going too far and make sure your navel or belt buckle is inside the stilettos;
• verify that the ladder is tall or high enough for the task;
• avoid overloading the ladder by taking your weight into account as well as the load you are carrying before operating at heights;
• Search for any warnings on the ladder’s label or pictogram;
• ensure that the ladder angle is 75 degrees; apply the 1-in-4 rule (ie one unit out for every four units up)
• Never slide down the stiles while climbing or descending; always hold onto the ladder and face the rungs;
• avoid attempting to extend or move the ladder while standing on the rungs;
• Ensure that the ladder extends at least 1 m (three rungs) above where you are working and avoid working off the top three rungs;

• On moving objects like pallets, bricks, lift trucks, tower scaffolds, excavator buckets, vans, or mobile elevating work platforms, ladders should not be put;
• avoid holding items when climbing; instead, think about wearing a tool belt;
• Unless an overhead electrical line has been made dead or is insulated, avoid working within 6 metres of any such line. For any electrical operations, use a non-conductive ladder (made of fiberglass or wood, for example);
• when climbing and wherever feasible at the work posture, keep three points of contact

• There are further steps you must take to prevent a fall or lessen the effects if one occurs where you cannot retain a handhold for more than a small length of time (for example, to hold a nail while starting to knock it in, start a screw, etc.);
• Provide a sturdy upper resting point and secure the ladder (e.g., by tying it to prevent it from moving outwards or sideways).

Stepladders

When using a stepladder to carry out a task:

• Verify that the stepladder’s four feet are firmly planted on the ground and that the steps are level.
• just bring lightweight tools and materials;
• Don’t overreach;
• Unless there is an appropriate handhold, do not stand and work on the top three steps (including the very top step).
• Ensure any locking devices are engaged;
• Try to arrange the stepladder so that it faces the job activity, rather than at an angle. On occasion, a risk assessment may indicate that it is safer to work sideways, such as in a retail stockroom with small aisles where it is impossible to secure the stepladder to work face-on but you can lock it completely to work sideways;
• Avoid side-loading tasks, such as side-on drilling into solid materials (such as bricks or concrete);
• Where side loads cannot be avoided, you should prevent the steps from toppling by, for example, binding them together. If not, utilize a more appropriate form of access equipment;
• Keep three points of contact at the position of employment. This requires two feet and one hand, or, if both hands must be free for a while, two feet and the body supported by the stepladder.

Independent Tied Scaffolding

Independent tied scaffolding is a type of scaffolding that relies on its own weight for support. It is frequently employed in building and renovation projects. Independent tied scaffolding consists of two parts: the vertical supports, or standards, and the horizontal supports, or ledgers. The standards and ledgers are coupled by coupling devices.

Control Measures For The Erection Of An Independent Tied Scaffold

Potential control measures for the erection of an independent tied scaffold include ensuring that the scaffold is designed for the necessary load and is erected by a qualified scaffold contractor on firm, level ground with base plates to distribute the load.

The scaffolding components must be undamaged. During assembly, scaffolders should wear fall-arrest equipment to prevent falls. A sufficient number of ties should be used to prevent the scaffold from collapsing, taking into account potential loads and poor weather conditions.

• Correctly designed for use and load.
• Designed for weather.
• Equipment to be used.
• Stable ground.
• Base plates and sole plates.
• Scaffold not damaged and in good condition.
• Erected by competent persons.
• Inspected before use.
• Scaffolders wearing fall-arrest equipment.
• Securely tied to structure/ building.
• Protected from vehicles.

Scaffolding is made up of several parts/components, which are as follows:

Standards: The vertical members that support the scaffold.

Ledgers: The supports that run horizontally between the standards.

Transoms: The horizontal members connecting the ledgers to the standards.

Braces: The diagonal members connecting the standards to the ledgers.

Guardrails: The horizontal and vertical railings that encircle the scaffolding prevent mishaps.

Toeboards: The horizontal planks that are positioned around the edge of the scaffold to prevent falling tools and supplies.

Base Plate: The ground-mounted plate supports the scaffold.

Sole board: The piece of wood placed on the ground to support the base plate.

Ties: The hardware used to secure the scaffold to the structure.

Putlogs: The horizontal members connecting the ledgers to the wall.

Planks: The horizontal boards that serve as the scaffold’s walking surface.

Coupling: These are the devices used to connect standards to ledgers.

Working Platform: The platform on which construction workers operate and where building materials are stored prior to use is an essential component of the scaffold. They are laid on the transoms in varied proportions; for general purposes, they should be four boards broad.

Tower scaffolds

When operating at height, tower scaffolding is one approach to prevent falls. The sort of tower chosen must be suited for the task at hand, and it must be raised and removed by qualified and competent individuals.

Individuals who utilize tower scaffolds should also receive training on the potential dangers and necessary measures.

The provision and usage of tower scaffolding must be professionally controlled and involve stringent scaffold inspection procedures.

Key issues with tower scaffolds are:

• Erection and dismantling
• Stability
• Precautions and inspection
• Using and moving

Many people are injured each year when they fall from towers or when the tower overturns.

Towers should be constructed by skilled and capable individuals. A number of organizations offer training in the safe building and usage of tower scaffolding.

The incidents that occur are mainly caused by:

• Dangerous methods of erection or dismantling – where a safe system is not being followed;
• Problems in the erected scaffold, such as an improperly assembled tower structure or a missing platform guardrail;
• Misuse of the scaffold — when a ladder is used on a tower, causing it to topple, or when a person falls from the tower while it is being relocated.

Erection and dismantling

The maker, supplier, or lessee is required to give an instruction manual that explains the erection sequence, including any bracing requirements and the maximum safe height of the tower. This information must be communicated to the individual constructing the tower and the individual supervising the work.

Towers should be erected following a safe method of work, either using:

• Advance guard rail system – in which temporary guard rail units are secured into position from the level below and pushed up to the platform level. Before the operator can access the platform to install the permanent guard rails, they are installed.
• “Through-the-trap” (3T) entails the operator assuming a working position in the trap door of the platform, from which they can add or remove guard rail components on the level above the platform. It is designed to prevent the operator from standing on an unprotected platform.

Stability

To maintain tower stability you must make sure:

• The tower is resting on firm, level ground with the locked castors or base plates properly supported. Never use bricks or building blocks to take the weight of any part of the tower;
• stabilisers or outriggers are installed as instructed in the handbook; and
• Ensure a tower is never raised higher than the manufacturer’s suggested height.

Precautions and inspection

Tower scaffolds must meet the requirements for all scaffolds, including double guardrails, toeboards, bracing, and an access ladder.

Whether the tower is purchased or rented, it should include all components necessary to avoid falls and provide stability.

All tower components must be in place to achieve proper strength. They can collapse if portions are missing.

All towers must be inspected by a qualified individual following assembly and at regular times thereafter. In addition, if the tower is utilized for construction work and a person could fall at least 2 meters from the working platform, it must be examined immediately after assembly and subsequently every week. Stop the job if the inspection reveals that it is not safe to continue, and fix any defects.

The result of an inspection must be recorded and kept until the next inspection is recorded.

Using and moving

Ensure that everyone is aware of and respects these basic rules:

Using

Never use a tower:

• in strong winds;
• as a support for ladders, trestles or other access equipment;
• with broken or missing parts; or
• consisting of incompatible parts.

Moving

When moving a tower you should always:

• reduce the height to a maximum of 4m;
• ensure there are no overhead power lines or other barriers;
• verify that the ground is stable, level, and devoid of potholes; and
• push or pull with only manual effort applied from the base.

Never move a tower while people or materials are on the tower, or in windy conditions.

Mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs)

The most important MEWP hazards stem from the machine’s operation and use, not its mobility as a site vehicle. The law requires that these hazards be adequately handled.

Therefore, a safe workplace for all vehicle operations must be created by segregating pedestrians and cars and providing traffic routes devoid of hazards.

Key issues are:

• MEWP hazards
• Controlling the risk
• Training and competence
• Inspection, maintenance and examination

MEWP hazards

Most fatal and serious injuries involving MEWPs arise from:

Entrapment: operator caught between a portion of the basket and a fixed structure, such as while maneuvering in confined overhead steelwork locations. In the event that operators become stuck against the platform controls, they may be unable to stop the machine from running.

Overturning: The machine could topple, ejecting the operator from the basket;

Falling: a worker may fall from the basket while doing labor duties; and

Collision: It is possible for the car to collide with pedestrians, overhead power lines, or neighboring vehicles.

These hazards should be identified within a risk assessment and suitable control measures put in place.

Controlling the risk

It is essential to choose the appropriate MEWP for the task and location.

Plan and practice a method for rescuing someone from a MEWP; someone on the ground must know what to do in an emergency and how to handle the machine’s ground controls.

A number of safeguards can be taken to limit the danger of MEWP hazards. They include:

Confined overhead working: Inform operators of the threats and required safe work procedures. Consider picking a MEWP that has been built to prevent such inadvertent contact if there are overhead structures against which an operator could be caught and subsequently pushed against the MEWP controls.

There are MEWPs with shielded or otherwise protected controls.

Maintaining a clean platform reduces the possibility of an operator stumbling or losing balance when in the basket.

Ground conditions: The platform must be utilized on solid, level ground. Temporary covers must be robust enough to sustain the applied force. Trenches, manholes, and uncompacted backfill are examples of localized ground features that might lead to overturning.

Outriggers: The outriggers must be extended and chocked before the platform can be raised. Spreader plates may be required; consult the equipment handbook for details.

Guardrails: Ensure that the work platform has effective safety rails and toe boards.

Arresting falls: If there is still a risk of individuals falling from the platform, a harness with a short work restraint lanyard must be connected to a proper manufacturer-provided anchorage point within the basket to prevent the user from falling from the carrier.

Falling objects: Enclose the area surrounding the platform to prevent falling tools or objects from hitting people below.

Weather: Strong winds can cause platforms to tilt and become unstable. Select a maximum wind speed that is safe for operation. Moreover, storms and snowfalls can destroy platforms. Before using the platform following severe weather, it must be inspected.

Handling materials: If utilized to install materials, consider the materials’ weight and size, as well as any manual handling and load distribution concerns. You may require supplementary lifting equipment to transfer supplies to the job location.

Nearby hazards: Do not operate a MEWP in close proximity to overhead cables or other potentially hazardous equipment, or allow any portion of the arm to protrude into a traffic lane.

Training and competence

MEWP operators must have attended a recognized operator training course and obtained a certificate, card, or “license” that lists the categories of MEWP they are trained to operate.

Check the expiration date of the training license or card.

In addition to formal training for the type of MEWP they are operating, operators should receive familiarisation training for the controls and functioning of the specific make and model of MEWP they are employing.

Inspection, maintenance and examination

In accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and the dangers associated with each MEWP, a routine of daily visual checks, periodic inspections, and servicing schedules should be devised.

Operators should be encouraged to report concerns and flaws. Immediately rectify reported issues and remove the MEWP from service if they are safety-critical.

The MEWP must be fully examined at least once every six months by a qualified individual or in accordance with an examination plan developed by a qualified individual.

Leading Edges

Just the uncovered edge of a horizontal surface is a leading edge. It may be a roof edge, a deck, or a scaffold platform. As these edges frequently lead to a substantial drop, they provide a severe fall hazard to individuals working nearby.

When the structure is constructed, the leading edges of floors, roofs, and other surfaces might shift position, posing a unique construction problem. Thus, cutting-edge protective equipment must be relocated or equipped to accept these modifications so that workers are safeguarded throughout the duration of the project.

Before beginning any construction work, it is necessary to create a comprehensive safety plan. It should include a description of all the jobs that workers must undertake near leading edges, as well as the associated risks. All pertinent safety precautions, including how employees and equipment will be secured to reduce the dangers connected with falls from leading edges, should be described.

Conducting a risk assessment will assist you in determining the type of safety equipment required for cutting-edge work.

• The First Step: Training

Training is the first step in ensuring the safety of personnel at leading edges. Workers should be trained to identify leading edges, the fall dangers they present, and any associated risk of collapse. In addition, they should be taught how to use fall prevention equipment, create barriers and guardrails, and install needed signage.

Only trained personnel should be permitted to enter leading edge areas, which should be regarded control zones. Workers and bystanders lacking the necessary training should not be let near leading edges.

• Personal Fall Arrest System

A personal fall arrest device is an effective approach to safeguard an individual worker from a fall hazard. Workers must ensure that their fall protection equipment is worn properly and that they are always securely attached to an appropriate anchor point.

Using a self-retracting lifeline rather than a normal lanyard will keep the lifeline spooled, avoiding tripping dangers if others are working close.

• Guardrails

In contrast to personal fall prevention systems, guardrails will protect numerous workers. Those who approach the leading edge will be protected by the existence of a secure barrier.

They also do not safeguard a worker who falls. Instead, they are designed to prevent falls by prohibiting employees from approaching the leading edge too closely or by providing a constant visual and physical reminder of the leading edge’s presence.

• Safety Net

The benefits of various additional fall protection devices are combined under safety nets. Similar to a personal arrest system, they can safeguard a fallen worker. Additionally, similar to guardrails, they can protect many employees simultaneously.

Moreover, safety nets can provide some protection to individuals who are working beneath a leading edge. A safety net can serve as a crucial line of defense against falling objects by capturing falling equipment, materials, or debris before they can cause injury to persons below.

• Signage

When approaching a leading edge, proper signs should be utilized to identify its presence and clarify whether personal fall protection is required.

Prevention of falling materials through safe stacking and storage.

A good material handling and storage management system entails the safe stacking of materials. Every year, significant accidents caused by falling or collapsing materials or weights that resulted in crushing or pinning injuries to employees are documented throughout the world.

Material stacking safety Dos and Don’ts-

Dos

• Material must be stacked only in the specified location, clearly labelled, and under the supervision of a responsible employee.
• Create a plan and adhere to the rule “a place for everything and everything in its place.”
• Label or label the location of each item after assessing the material’s kind, shape, load, purpose, etc.
• Heavier materials should be placed at the bottom, and lighter materials can be placed on the top or upper level.
• Based on the consumption pattern, more edible products can be stacked in front, while fewer can be stacked in the back.
• Offer compartments or storage for little items.
• Ensure there are no obstructions on the pathways, escape route, emergency system, emergency equipment, and doors.
• Provide a distance of approximately 1 m between the ceiling, roof, and sprinkler heads.
• Keep a free space of approximately 1 meter on all sides of the stacked material, and allow 450 mm on the wall side.
• Always stack materials on stable, level surfaces.
• Supply packing or pallets as required.
• Always utilize handling equipment.
• Replace manual handling with mechanical help.
• Do a risk assessment when manual manipulation cannot be avoided.
• Ensure that none of the material’s sharp edges protrude towards the walkways.
• Keep hazardous products or chemicals with the accompanying Safety Data Sheet (SDS)).
• Conduct housekeeping to prevent clutter, remove trash, and remove flammable materials to reduce the risk of fire.
• If the little pipes are large, stack them in the holder with the stopper at the bottom.
• Keep items of varying lengths in distinct piles.
• While planning and installing the racks, ensure that there is sufficient separation to facilitate material loading, unloading, and stacking.
• Give an adequate method of access, such as a ladder, for employees who must climb or remove materials from stacks.
• Verify that the rigger and equipment operator have proper signaling and communication.
• Use drum rack for stacking drums.
• Use an appropriate manner of stacking, either vertically or horizontally, depending on the type of material.
• Install steel posts or other suitable barriers to prevent forklifts and other powered devices from damaging the corners or ends of shelves and racks.
• Instead of standing on boxes or other things, use a ladder.
• Employ proper PPE, such as hard helmet, gloves, safety shoes, etc.
• Fire protection partitions may be utilized to stack various combustible or flammable materials.
• Educate the employees on the safe stacking of materials.

Don’ts

• Do not stack materials higher than three times the width of the base.
• Do not combine incompatible materials.
• Do not utilize a rack constructed of combustible materials and unlikely to retain water.
• Avoid leaning on temporary structures.
• Do not stack additional items on the displaced material.
• While handling, do not keep your legs close to the material or cargo, as it may tilt at any time.
• Do not stack or load/unload goods close to moving machinery or live electrical cables.
• Do not store fragile items at the bottom to prevent breaking.
• Do not stand on shelves, racks, crates, or seats.
• Do not stack incompatible materials in an environment.
• Do not stack materials to block escape routes, emergency equipment, or walkways.
• Do not stack stuff inside 450 mm of a wall; this facilitates inspection.
• Do not place materials directly on the floor to prevent dampness or water accumulation.
• Do not utilize a defective pallet or dangerous rack, since they may cause the stacked materials to collapse.
• Do not use malfunctioning mechanical equipment or tools to stack the materials.

8.3 Safe working in confined spaces

As per the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997, s a ‘confined space’ must have both of the following defining features:

(a) It must be a space that is substantially enclosed (though not always completely); and

(b) At least one of the risks must be present or reasonably foreseeable.

Some confined spaces, such as sewers and chemical storage tanks, are relatively easy to identify. However, identification is not always so straightforward because a confined space is not always:

(a) Some vessels, such as barrels, silos, and ship holds, may have open tops or sides;

(b) Some, such as grain silos and ship holds, can be quite spacious;

(c) Difficult to enter or exit – some have multiple entrances/exits, while others have large openings or appear to be easy to escape; or

(d) Some confined spaces (such as those used for spray painting in auto repair shops) are regularly used by people in the course of their work.

A location that is not ordinarily considered to be a confined space may become one if there is a change in the interior conditions or a change in the degree of enclosure or confinement, which can occur intermittently. For instance, an enclosed space may be free of contaminants and have an adequate level of oxygen, but the work that will be performed there may alter these conditions:

(a) This type of welding would consume some oxygen;

(b) A spray booth during the spraying of paint; or

(c) Using cleaning chemicals that can introduce contaminants.

Examples of a confined space

“Confined space” may also refer to the following locations and other similar places, but only when one of the specified risks to the health and safety of those working in the space is present or reasonably foreseeable:

(a) conduits, culverts, tunnels, boreholes, bored piles, manholes, shafts, excavations and trenches, sump pits, inspection and under-machine pits, and cofferdams;

(b) Freight containers, ballast tanks, ships’ engine rooms and cargo holds;

(c) Buildings, building voids;

(d) Some enclosed rooms (especially plant rooms) with compartments;

(e) Enclosures designed for asbestos removal;

(f) Areas used for the storage of oxidizable materials (such as steel chain storage rooms or wood pellet hopper tanks);

(g) Rooms and silos with insufficient or no ventilation;

(h) During fabrication or manufacture, structures that become confined spaces;

(i) Interiors of machines, machinery, and vehicles.

The hazards

The dangers addressed by the Confined Spaces Regulations result from the combination of the confined nature of the workplace and the potential presence of substances or conditions that, when combined, can increase the risk to safety or health. Hazards can exist in the space (e.g., fumes or an ignitable atmosphere), or they can be introduced to a space that would otherwise be safe (eg fumes released when using chemical cleaners). The most probable threats are listed below.

• Flammable materials and oxygen enrichment
• Excessive heat
• Toxic gas, vapour, or fume
• Oxygen deficiency
• The presence or intrusion of liquids
• Fluid-resistant solids Fluid-resistant solids can submerge a person, preventing him or her from breathing.
• Other hazards not unique to confined spaces – Other hazards (such as electricity, noise, collapse or subsidence of or within the space, loss of structural integrity, and those arising from mechanical equipment and working space) can be identified when assessing the risk associated with entering or working in a confined space.

Factors to be assessed

General condition of the confined space

You should evaluate the general condition of the confined space to determine what may or may not be present and cause a problem, such as whether the oxygen concentration is normal or whether there is evidence of damage or corrosion. The records pertaining to the confined space should be reviewed for pertinent details. There should be thought given to:

• Previous contents -Information about any substances previously stored, however briefly, in the confined space will indicate the type of hazard that may be present, such as toxic or flammable gases, etc.
• Residues – Chemical residues, scale, rust, sludge, or other residues in a confined space may be hazardous. When scale, sludge, or animal slurry is disturbed, for instance, hazardous gas, fume, or vapour may be released. When residues are present, safe working procedures must assume that disturbing the residues will release gases, fumes, or vapours.
• Contamination Contamination may originate from neighbouring plants, processes, gas mains, or surrounding land, soil, or strata. Gases and liquids may leak or have leaked from adjacent plant, installations, processes, or landfill sites into the confined space.

In certain circumstances, water in ground strata and/or gases from the surrounding land, soil, or strata may enter a confined space.

Methane can be produced from a variety of sources, including the decomposition of organic matter and groundwater. Methane and other gases can seep into groundwater and be released at considerable distances from the source..

• Oxygen deficiency and oxygen enrichment –

If the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere deviates significantly from normal (i.e. 20.9%), there are significant risks. For instance, oxygen enrichment increases the combustibility of clothing and other combustible substances. In contrast, a relatively small decrease in the oxygen percentage can impair mental capacity and negatively impact those with preexisting conditions such as respiratory infections, asthma, etc. The effects are typically instantaneous, with no prior warning to alert the senses. This can occur even when a person’s head is the only part of the body confined. Extremely low oxygen levels (below 16%) can cause unconsciousness and death. Any deviation from normal oxygen levels should be investigated, the risk evaluated, and appropriate measures taken in light of the risk.

• Physical dimensions –

You must consider the potential effects of the space’s dimensions and layout. If the space contains remote or low-lying compartments, the air quality may vary. When selecting ventilation methods, you should also consider pockets or isolated regions of the space.

 Hazards arising from the work

You should evaluate the risks associated with the work to be performed in the confined space. The risk may be produced by the work itself. Alternatively, working conditions may become hazardous when residues, contamination, etc. are present. Work performed on the exterior of the confined space (for example, external welding) may also create hazardous conditions inside. Dangers that can be introduced into an otherwise safe space include:

• Cleaning chemicals
• Sources of ignition
• Increasing temperature

Hazards from outside the space

You should assess the need to isolate the confined space to prevent dangers arising from outside. For example:

• Ingress of substances – There may be a risk of substances (liquids, gases, steam, water, raw materials) entering the confined space from nearby processes and services. This may be due to the accidental operation of machinery.

Emergency rescue

You must evaluate the requirements for emergency rescue procedures. Possible emergencies should be anticipated, and rescue arrangements should be made accordingly. Risks must be identified, as well as the equipment and measures needed for a rescue by nearby employees. Equipment must be made available.

Precautions

For safe working inside a confined space, the following must be ensured:

1. i) A cross-functional team should assign identification numbers to all confined spaces in the plant/project areas.
2. ii) The owner department/executing authority shall prepare a Safe Work procedure/ protocol in conjunction with the Safety Officer following a thorough Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment or Job Safety Analysis (JSA).

iii) Before workers are permitted to enter a space, the site must be inspected by the Safety officer, the owning department, and the Executing Agency.

1. iv) All of the aforementioned representatives will sign the entry permit, which will then be approved by the respective HOD/ Section Chief of the owning/ executing Authority.
2. v) The sign “Notice – Confined Space Entry Permit Required for Entry” must be prominently displayed. Warning signs and barricades must be erected to prevent unauthorised access to the work area where confined work is being performed.
3. vi) Ensure that the confined space is devoid of all hazardous or corrosive substances, including gases, all types of fumes, chemicals, muck and solid wastes, etc. Additionally, it must be devoid of decaying vegetation and animal waste that could emit methane.

vii) For clearing smeared containment muck, solid waste, etc., the protocol must include a safe procedure.

viii) It must be ensured that the confined space is completely separated from all utility systems, including inert gases, fuel gases, steam, water, and other fluid connections, using blank plates of the correct size, material of construction, and appropriate pressure rating, as required..

1. ix) Ensure that the confined space has either natural or mechanical ventilation. It must also be capable of removing the fumes produced by various activities. A responsible individual from the relevant department must ensure that ventilation and rescue arrangements are adequate.
2. x) Ensure that all moving equipment parts within the confined space are adequately guarded and that the power supply is disconnected using LOTO.
3. xi) Provide sufficient illumination within the confined space. Every portable lighting system shall not exceed 24 Volt.

xii) Ensure that all electrical equipment used in a confined space is either grounded, double-insulated, or equipped with an earth leakage cut-out safety system.

In the event that explosive gases or vapours are likely to be present, all electrical equipment used must be of an approved type.

xiii) A calibrated multi-gas detector (CO, O2, LEL) must be made available to workers for continuous monitoring of working conditions within a confined space (with ventilation off) in order to detect:

1. a) Oxygen deficiency and Oxygen enriched atmosphere
2. b) Presence of toxic substances, wherever applicable
3. c) Explosive concentration, wherever applicable

xiv) It shall be ensured that all gaseous, toxic and explosive components are well within the prescribed limit before allowing the people to go inside.

1. xv) Continuous monitoring is required when the activity inside the confined space has the potential to alter atmospheric conditions or when there is a known activity occurring outside the confined space during entry that has the direct potential to alter atmospheric conditions inside the space. Periodic monitoring (not more than 2 hours apart) shall be done in the cases when the condition inside the confined space is not likely to be altered because of the work inside the confined space and/or activities being carried out in the surrounding space.

xvi) If the workmen are using oxygen consuming equipment (torches, burners etc) ensure that the confined space is continuously provided with sufficient air to maintain minimum Oxygen concentration of 19.0% to 23% by volume.

xvii) A authorised supervisor of the executing agency must be stationed outside the confined space with the sole task of monitoring the safe execution of work, sounding an alert, and providing prompt assistance, if necessary.

xviii) There must be an adequate voice communication system between the workers within the confined space and the Supervisor outside. If for some reason it is not possible to use a voice communication device, a suitable signalling system must be established between the inside workers and the Supervisor.

xix) Ensure that individuals working in a confined space are provided with the necessary personal protective equipment, such as a safety harness, gas masks, breathing apparatus, gas detector/personal sampler with alarm capability, etc..

1. xx) Depending on the nature of the activity and the risk posed by the presence of hazardous gases and fumes, the working period must be broken up by break periods during which the employee must go outside and breathe fresh air. The maximum allowable spell of work shall be recorded clearly in the protocol.

xxi) A person who has previously worked 8 hours in a restricted place on the same day must not be permitted to work further.

xxii) If the person working inside is wearing a full body Harness with double lanyard, care must be given to ensure that he is anchored with lifeline and adequate arrangements so that he may be hauled out and saved instantly in case of emergency. A rescue team must be readily available to respond to such incidents.

xxiii) In the event of gas cutting and welding in a confined space, all hoses must be leak-free. The use of compressed gas bottles or cylinders is prohibited within a confined space. The gas torches should be lit outside of the confined space, and the space’s explosive atmosphere must be checked each time before a lit torch is brought inside.

xxiv) Whenever possible, confined space work must be scheduled during the day.

xxv) Whenever combustion type equipment is employed in a restricted environment, ensure that the exhaust gases are vented outside.

xxvi) Ensure that the warning notices/ caution boards are displayed outside the confined space at appropriate visible places.

xxvii) Each time a worker enters or exits a confined place, the supervisor or executing authority must maintain a proper record with their signature.

xxviii) Men and materials must be withdrawn from the confined space upon completion of the job, and the permit to work must be returned by the representative of the executing agency to the designated officer of the owning department.

xxix) Emergency plan: Appropriate emergency procedures should be established and implemented according to the nature of the confined space, the hazards involved, and the nature of an emergency rescue in order to cope with any major and imminent danger to personnel inside a confined space.

xxx) Assigned Duties:

1. a) Authorized entrant -Authorized entrants are required to:

• Know space risks, including information on the sources of exposure such as inhalation or dermal absorption, signs of symptoms and repercussions of the exposure;
• Use the correct personal protection equipment;
• Maintain communication with attendants as required to allow them to monitor the entrant’s condition and alert him or her to evacuate if necessary;
• Exit from the permit space as soon as possible when:
• Ordered by the person who is responsible;
• He or she is aware of the warning symptoms or signs of exposure;
• A prohibited condition exists; or
• An automatic alarm is activated.
• Notify the attendant when a forbidden condition exists or when exposure symptoms are present.

1. b) Attendant

The attendant is required to:

• Stay outside of the permit area during entrance operations unless replaced by an authorised attendant.
• Conduct non-entry rescues where the employer’s rescue procedure specifies;
• Recognize existing and potential risks, including exposure mode, symptoms, consequences, and physiological impacts;
• Keep communication with workers entering the permit space and maintain an accurate record of their attendance;
• Order evacuation of the permit space when:
• Existence of a banned condition;
• A worker exhibits physiological symptoms of exposure to a hazard;
• An emergency exists beyond the enclosed environment;
• The attendant cannot execute required duties successfully and safely.
• Summon rescue and other services during an emergency;
• Ensure that unauthorised individuals keep clear of permit spaces or exit quickly if they have already arrived;
• Notify authorised entrants and the entry supervisor if an illegal individual enters the permit area; and
• Do no additional tasks that conflict with the attendant’s principal responsibilities.

When a permit-to-work for confined spaces would not be required

The scope of permit-to-work procedures will vary based on the nature of the task and the associated dangers. A permit-to-work system is unlikely to be required in situations such as:

(a) The evaluated hazards are fairly manageable; and

(b) The labour system is fairly straightforward; and

(c) You are aware that additional work activities cannot compromise safety in the limited space..

Providing the aforementioned conditions are met, you may consider removing the necessity for permit-to-work limitations on entry if an assessed danger is later eliminated fully and there is no foreseen probability of its recurrence.

The decision not to implement a permit-to-work system should be made by a competent individual, if necessary after consultation with specialists, taking into account the results of the risk assessment and the need to ensure a safe system of work.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Zyak–976c

8.4 Lone working

Who are lone workers and what jobs do they do?

The definition of a lone worker is “someone who works alone without close or direct supervision.” They exist in all industries and include:

■ work alone at a permanent location, such as at stores, gas stations, factories, warehouses, or recreation centres;

■ work separately from others on the same property or outside of typical business hours, such as security personnel, cleaners, and maintenance and repair personnel;

■ Work at home;

■ work away from a fixed base, such as:

– Health, medical and social care workers visiting people’s homes etc;

– Construction, maintenance, and repair personnel, including engineers, plant installers, and cleaners;

– Engineers, evaluators, and equipment and supply delivery personnel who attend building sites;

– Service professionals, such as postal employees, taxi drivers, engineers, real estate agents, and sales or service representatives who visit homes and businesses;

– Delivery drivers, such as HGV drivers, van driver/couriers, and car/motorcycle-based couriers;

– Workers in agriculture and forestry;

■ are individuals who work independently for charities or voluntary organisations (fundraising, litter-picking etc).

More information is available at: www.hse.gov.uk/voluntary/

Lone Working Hazards

• The lone employee and others – You should evaluate the lone worker, the persons with whom they may interact, and the work they are performing, as well as how this may affect the risk:
• How experienced is the employee in their role and working independently?
• Has the employee received pertinent training?
• Is the employee susceptible for any reason, for instance, because they are young, pregnant, disabled, or a trainee?
• Environment and equipment – Examine the worker’s environment and the equipment they’re utilising:
• Does the workplace provide a special risk to the employee, such as operating equipment by themselves or lifting heavy objects?
• Is the job located in a rural or remote area?
• Is the worker entering the house or property of a third party?
• Is there a secure entrance or exit for an individual working outside of typical business hours?
• Does the employee have sufficient and dependable methods of communication and a way to request assistance?
• How could the work trigger an incident?

Consider the activity being carried out by a lone worker and how it might trigger an incident:

• Is the position a security one, such as having responsibility over clients and enforcing rules?
• Does the job require handling cash, requesting payment, or taking property?
• Stress, mental health and wellbeing-

Lone working can negatively impact employees’ work-related stress levels and their mental health.

Control Measures

Keeping contact with lone workers–

You should:

• determine how to keep in contact with lone workers through regular meetings or other means;
• include solitary employees in social activities and work or team updates
• Ensure that lone employees are consulted on any proposed changes, as they may have particular ramifications for them;
• Ensure that lone workers are included in any mandatory training.

Providing support on mental health

Work-related mental health concerns must be evaluated in order to determine the amount of risk to employees. When a risk is discovered, you must take actions to eliminate or limit it to the greatest extent possible.

If a lone worker has a pre-existing mental health illness, you may need to make appropriate adaptations to their work or workplace, and extra interventions may be necessary.

Work-related violence

Any sort of aggression against workers is abhorrent and may negatively impact their mental as well as physical wellbeing.

A worker who has received training in personal safety, which may include conflict resolution, may identify circumstances in which they are at risk and take the necessary precautions to prevent or mitigate the danger.

Additional measures to consider include, if applicable, the alteration or design of the work environment to prevent workers from becoming separated and the provision of work equipment such as manually or automatically operable devices meant to raise the alarm in an emergency, such as phones or radios.

What if a lone worker’s first language is not English?

If a lone worker’s native tongue is not English, appropriate procedures must be made to enable proper communication, especially in an emergency.

What if a person becomes ill, has an accident, or there is an emergency?

Your risk assessment should identify anticipated occurrences. Employees should be trained in emergency protocols that have been established, implemented, and implemented.

Frequent and realistic practise should be conducted so that swift and effective action may be taken to alleviate the situation and mitigate its implications.

Your risk assessment may indicate that some lone workers require first aid equipment and/or training (including how to administer first aid to themselves). Also, they should have access to sufficient first aid facilities.

Also, emergency protocols should outline how and when lone workers can contact their company.

What if a lone worker is working from home?

You have the same responsibility for the safety and health of telecommuting employees as you do for all other employees.

This includes providing supervision, instruction, and training, and establishing sufficient control measures to safeguard the home-based worker.

You should bear liability for an at-home worker’s accident or injury as you would for any other employee.

Training

In unpredictable settings where there is limited supervision to regulate, guide, and assist, training is essential. It may also be vital for enabling individuals to deal with unforeseen situations and potential exposure to violence and aggressiveness.

Ensure workers are:

■ Able to meet the requirements of the position;

■ appropriately trained in the use of any offered technology solutions;

■ Capable of recognising when to seek outside counsel.

Supervision

The level of supervision necessary depends on the dangers involved and the lone worker’s capacity to recognise and address health and safety issues.

The amount of supervision required is a management decision that should be based on the results of a risk assessment — the bigger the risk, the higher the required level of supervision.

Lone workers may need to be accompanied at first where they are:

■ new to a job;

■ undergoing training;

■ doing a job that presents specific risks;

■ dealing with new situations.

Monitoring and keeping in touch

Employers can monitor lone workers with a variety of tools and technologies made available by technological advancements.

Each monitoring system must be integrated into an organisation so that employees can comprehend it. You must establish transparent procedures since effective channels of communication are crucial.

These may include:

■ Periodically, supervisors observe individuals working alone;

■ pre-agreed intervals of regular interaction between the lone worker and employer, utilising phones, radios, email, etc., with consideration for the worker’s English proficiency;

■ Various manually or automatically operable devices meant to sound the alarm in an emergency;

■ Implementing a strong method to confirm that a lone worker has returned to their house or base after completing their work.

Responsibilities of workers

Employees are responsible for their own health and safety, as well as the health and safety of others who may be affected by their actions at work. They are required to collaborate with employers and coworkers in order to help everyone satisfy their legal obligations.

8.5 Slips and trips

Causes of Slips, Trips and Falls

Slip hazards are caused by:

• Wet or dusty floors;
• The overflow of wet or dry substances – oil, water, wheat dust, and plastic pellets used in the production of plastic – on slick surfaces;
• Wet and icy weather conditions;
• Unsuitable footwear, flooring, or sloped surfaces.

Trip hazards are caused by:

• Loose floorboards or carpets;
• Obstacles, low walls, and low floor fixtures;
• Cables or trailing leads across walkways or uneven surfaces;
• This results in the development of portable electrical hand tools and additional electrical appliances (vacuum cleaners and overhead projectors);
• Raised telephone and electrical sockets – also a severe trip hazard (this can be a significant the, when the display screen workstations are re-orientated in an office,);
• Rugs and mats – especially when worn or placed on a polished surface;
• Poor housekeeping – obstacles left on walkways, rubbish not removed regularly;
• Poor lighting levels – particularly near steps or other changes in level;
• Sloping or uneven floors – particularly where there is inadequate lighting or no handrails;
• Unsuitable footwear, including shoes with a slick sole or insufficient ankle support.

Risk Assessment & Management Control

All employees are required to identify and report potential workplace dangers; in fact, this is actively encouraged. A sensible response to any potential danger circumstance could make a substantial difference in an individual’s safety.

Slips, trips, and falls should be reported by employees using the proper Trust protocol. This may involve notifying their manager and/or the estates department, as well as filling out an incident report. In addition, if you observe a potential trip hazard that you are unable to remedy, such as a damaged portion of floor or a malfunctioning light, you must report it promptly as described above.

There are four good management methods that must be used to accomplish this, and these are:

• Planning: Risk areas must be recognised, and any necessary improvements must be made immediately.
• Organisation: Some persons, typically a supervisor or manager, are responsible for ensuring the safety of specific sections of the workplace.
• Control: Checks to ensure that practises are being carried out appropriately and the implementation of any necessary interventions to mitigate risks.
• Monitor & Review: Slip, trip, or fall accidents involving patients, visitors, or staff must be closely monitored, and if a review reveals that additional interventions are necessary, they must be undertaken.

Good Working Practice

Companies must evaluate the hazards involved with slips, trips, and falls and implement measures to guarantee safe movement across the workplace:

• Spillages: Remove all spills promptly. Use a cleaning agent as necessary. If the floor is wet, use the necessary signage to inform people that the floor is still wet and caution is required, or to suggest an alternate route.
• Trailing cables: Try to avoid placing equipment so that cables cross pedestrian walkways, and use cable guards when necessary.
• Change of surface from wet to dry: Provide appropriate footwear, warn of hazards with signage, and place doormats where these changes are likely to occur.
• Rugs/mats: Where they cannot be removed, ensure that rugs and mats are firmly attached and that their edges do not constitute a tripping hazard.
• Slippery floor surfaces: Evaluate the reason and treat accordingly, for instance by using chemical treatments and the proper cleaning products and processes. In certain instances, it may be necessary to repair or replace the floor surface.
• Changes in level and slopes: Enhance visibility, lighting, handrails, and traction and other floor marks.
• Poor lighting: Enhance lighting levels and placement to provide a more uniform lighting level across all floor surfaces.
• Footwear: Ensure employees select footwear with the appropriate type of sole. If the job requires specialised protective footwear, the employer must offer it at no cost.

8.6 Safe movement of people and vehicles in the workplace

Hazards to pedestrians

A lack of clearly marked, signed and segregated pedestrian routes and crossings: Whenever possible, pedestrians should be isolated from cars. Segregated pathways and safe crossing places should be supplemented by a pedestrian strategy that clearly identifies pedestrian routes and the processes and safe working practises (such as wearing high­visibility clothing) that pedestrians should adhere to (e.g., wearing high­visibility clothes).

Poorly marked and signed pathways are difficult to navigate and may cause pedestrians to become disoriented or deviate from the intended path. Pedestrians may be at risk on routes that are not clearly separated by barriers, bollards, or guard rails.

Blocked pedestrian routes: As a result of blocked walkways and crossings, people may deviate onto automobile routes, putting themselves at danger of injury. Delivery vehicles, parked vehicles, and equipment can all contribute to roadblocks. Where obstacles cannot be avoided, such as when a delivery is delivered from a public road, you must provide a safe alternative route.

Pedestrians taking short cuts: The behaviour of pedestrians is difficult to manage. If there is a faster, more direct route than the one supplied, they will attempt to take it. This can lead to people straying from approved safe pathways into dangerous and restricted locations, such as loading bays and turning circles.

Large numbers of pedestrians and vehicles using the same route at peak periods: During peak hours, a large number of automobiles and pedestrians may travel on the same route, particularly on shift-work sites. Frequently, roadways are too narrow for the number of traffic utilising them, resulting in congestion and an increased danger of collisions caused by conflicting movements.

Unsuitable and dangerous pedestrian routes: Inadequately maintained pedestrian walkways can be hazardous. If a footpath’s surface is broken, damaged, or uneven, it might pose a tripping hazard. Pedestrians will be vulnerable and at an increased danger of being struck by automobiles if guardrails, barriers, and bollards are destroyed or not used effectively.

Narrow roads where there is not enough room for pedestrians and vehicles: Narrow roads can be problematic since they force vehicles and pedestrians to share the same area.

Pedestrians being struck by vehicles because drivers can’t see them: Vehicles have difficulty seeing pedestrians, especially when they are reversing or travelling in locations with poor visibility. When automobiles fail to spot pedestrians, there is a risk that they will collide with them, which frequently results in injury and in some cases death. Pedestrians should not be permitted in certain locations unless absolutely required.

Pedestrians feeling unsafe and insecure when walking to and within a site: Inadequate lighting, confined pathways, and being alone can frequently cause someone to feel unsafe. Avoid blind corners and secluded pathways where individuals are difficult to observe. Those who are unfamiliar with the site or who are incompetent to operate alone may require supervision.

Locked emergency doors and gates: Locked emergency gates and doors prevent pedestrians from leaving during a fire or other emergency situation. You should have defined emergency evacuation methods for pedestrians and vehicles. Loading platforms and turning zones, which pose the highest risk to pedestrians, should have clear escape routes.

Pedestrian routes that have poor drainage and are prone to flooding: Poor drainage can lead to the flooding of pedestrian pathways, which can cause them to become impassable and unsafe. If a drainage issue is not addressed, it can lead to additional issues, such as footpath surface deterioration.

Control Measures

• Give pedestrians with proper crossing sites; Supply pedestrians with highly visible apparel
• Establish separate vehicular and pedestrian entrances to site structures
• Introduce a one­way system
• At peak periods limit or prevent use of busy routes
• Provide pedestrians with high­visibility clothing
• Provide barrier-separated pedestrian pathways
• Provide appropriate signage
• Maintain adequate illumination around the workplace

Safe vehicle

The vehicles used in the workplace should be acceptable for their intended purpose.

You should carefully evaluate the working environment in which a certain vehicle will be utilised, as well as the suitability of that vehicle for the personnel who will be operating it. A significant aspect of establishing a vehicle specification is consulting with those who will use it.

The Road Vehicles (Construction and Usage) Rules of 1986 govern the design and construction of motor vehicles driven on public roads. This criteria should be met by the majority of vehicles utilised on the job, although in rare instances there are additional supply requirements for mobile plant (eg some lift trucks).

Warning devices such as revolving beacons and reversing sirens, as well as conspicuous painting and marking, are frequently utilised to make a vehicle visible to pedestrians.

Consider solutions such as CCTV and special mirrors where sight is obstructed to ensure that drivers have adequate peripheral vision.

When feasible, vehicles should be constructed such that its occupants can perform their duties from the ground. When individuals are required to work at height on vehicles, sufficient means of safe access should be provided.

Maintenance

The condition of a vehicle should be maintained so that it remains mechanically sound and any equipment, such as flashing beacons, function effectively. Lift trucks and vehicles with tail lifts must be thoroughly inspected by a qualified individual, and reports must be maintained.

Preventative maintenance relies heavily on scheduled inspections. They may include daily safety inspections performed by the driver and periodic maintenance inspections based on time or distance.

At the beginning of each shift, drivers should be supplied with a checklist of daily checks to be completed and initialled. This should be watched to ensure that the checks are performed correctly.

Safe driver

Drivers should be able to operate a vehicle safely and obtain the proper vehicle-specific information, instruction, and training. Following their training, it is crucial that younger or less-experienced drivers are regularly watched to guarantee their safety on the job.

Competence

Consider the following:

■ To ensure that all new drivers are competent, recruitment and placement procedures should be in place for new hires.

■ Ensure that current personnel have and continue to maintain the necessary skills and expertise to operate a vehicle safely. Drivers should obtain the necessary training to do the updated task safely if the work changes.

Training

The training needs for an individual will rely on their prior experience and training. Your risk assessment should aid in determining the type and quantity of training a person needs.

In general, newly hired drivers have the most training requirements, but there should also be a review programme for more seasoned drivers.

It is essential to evaluate the information presented by newly hired drivers, especially about their training and experience. Additionally, they should be watched on-site to determine both their real level of competency and any additional training requirements.

Each driver should have a training record kept. This will ensure that a particular task is assigned to the most qualified individual and identify those who require additional training.

Fitness to operate

A person’s fitness to drive/operate a vehicle should be evaluated on an individual basis, but the goal is to match the fitness and talents of the driver/operator with the requirements of the work.

8.7 Work-related driving

How to manage work-related road safety

Organizations are required by law to implement appropriate health and safety measures. This is a broad need, hence the HSE advocates a sensible and pragmatic approach. It should be an integral part of the daily operations of an organisation and of excellent management in general.

A HSE pamphlet discusses the “Plan, Do, Check, Act” method for achieving this objective.

Below are a few instances of how this strategy can be implemented to improve workplace road safety.

Plan – Explain your organization’s health and safety management strategy and how you intend to implement it.

■ Evaluate the risks associated with occupational road safety in your organisation.

■ Develop a health and safety strategy that addresses, for instance, trip planning, driver training, and vehicle maintenance.

■ Ensure that your organisation has an executive-level commitment to road safety at work.

■ Define everyone’s roles and responsibilities with regard to work-related road safety. People in charge should have sufficient power to exercise influence and the communication skills to successfully interact with drivers and others.

Do – Prioritize and manage your risks, consult your personnel, and train and enlighten them.

■ Ensure that departments with diverse responsibilities for work-related road safety collaborate within larger organisations.

■ Ensure that you have sufficient systems to successfully manage road safety at work. For instance, do you ensure that your vehicles are regularly examined and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines?

■ Include your employees or their representatives in decision-making. This is an effective method of conveying health and safety concerns with kids.

■ When necessary, you must provide training and instruction. Check – Evaluate your performance.

■ Ensure your work-related road safety policy is effective and implemented by monitoring performance.

■ Encourage your employees to report any road incidents or near misses related to work.

Act – Analyze your performance and gain insight from your experiences.

■ Ensure that you collect sufficient data to make educated decisions regarding the efficacy of your current strategy and the need for changes, such as targeting individuals who are more at risk.

■ Examine your health and safety policy frequently to determine if it requires revisions.

Work Related Safety

Safe driver

Are your drivers competent and capable of performing their duties in a manner that ensures their safety and the safety of others?

■ Have you defined what levels of ability and expertise are necessary for the safe completion of the task, and how you will ensure that they are met?

■ Do you verify the authenticity of drivers’ licences upon hiring and periodically thereafter?

■ What steps are you taking to ensure that your drivers are aware of the company’s road safety policy and understand what is required of them?

■ Might the use of written instructions and guidance, training sessions, or group meetings improve the communication of your policy?

 Are your drivers properly trained?

■ Do you give drivers with general orientation training?

■ Do you prioritise training for high-risk drivers, such as those with high annual miles, poor accident records, or those who are new to the job?

■ Do you determine if drivers require further training to perform their responsibilities properly, such as defensive driving tactics or safe loading and unloading?

■ Do you think about training for other road users, such as cyclists or motorcyclists?

■ Do you periodically assess training needs, including the need for refresher training?

■ Do you ensure that your training providers are qualified to provide the necessary training?

Do you ensure your drivers have clear instructions about how to keep themselves safe while on the road?

■ Do drivers know how to do and report routine safety inspections, such as those on lights, tyres, and wheel fasteners?

■ How well do drivers adjust safety devices, such as seat belts and head restraints?

■ Do drivers know how to correctly operate anti-lock braking systems (ABS)?

■ Do drivers know how to be safe if their vehicle breaks down, such as using safety triangles and high-visibility clothing?

■ Do you need to provide a driver’s manual with road safety advice?

■ Do drivers realise it is illegal to drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs?

■ Are drivers aware that it is illegal to use a hand-held cell phone while driving and that even using a hands-free phone can significantly impair concentration?

■ Are drivers aware of the loaded and unloaded height of their vehicle? It is estimated that three to six major bridge strikes occur daily.

■ Do you ensure that crash helmets and protective apparel for motorcyclists and bicyclists are up to par?

Are your drivers sufficiently fit and healthy to drive safely and not put themselves or others at risk?

■ Do heavy-duty truck drivers who are required by law to undergo a medical examination possess the required medical certificate?

■ Do you remind drivers that they must meet the Highway Code6 and DVLA’s vision and health requirements?

■ Have you advised drivers not to drive while under the influence of medications that could impair their judgement? In case of uncertainty, they should consult their physician.

■ Are drivers aware of how hazardous fatigue can be, and do they know what to do if they begin to feel drowsy?

■ Encourage you drivers to report any health issues?

Do you know your duties under health and safety law when employing contractors and subcontractors?

■ Did you realise that both you and the contractor you hire have health and safety responsibilities? A HSE brochure employing contractors: A quick guide provides extra advice. 7

■ Do you verify that contractors are qualified to perform their duties properly and without endangering health and safety?

■ Do you advise contractors of the risks associated with your activity and the measures in place?

■ How can you ensure that contractors inform you of any additional risks associated with their contracted work?

■ Have you established cooperation and coordination with all responsible parties to safeguard the health and safety of everyone involved?

■ Before beginning work, do you determine what you must do to monitor and supervise the contractors’ work and agree on any necessary controls?

Safe vehicle

Are vehicles fit for the purpose for which they are used?

■ When purchasing new automobiles, do you study which ones are most suitable for driving and public health and safety?

■ If applicable, do you equip your vehicles with driver aids and other safety devices, such as reversing alarms, video systems, proximity sensors, and side protection bars for tractors and large commercial trucks to protect cyclists?

■ Do you ensure that privately owned vehicles are not used for work unless they are serviced according to the manufacturer’s recommendations, insured for business usage, and have a valid MOT certificate if they are over three years old?

■ Do you ensure that drivers and passengers are sufficiently protected in the event of an accident, i.e. that seatbelts, head restraints, and airbags are installed, functioning, and used?

■ Do you ensure that vehicles’ maximum load weights are not exceeded?

■ Have you made the necessary preparations for transporting and securing items and equipment in a vehicle?

Are vehicles maintained in a safe and fit condition?

■ Do you ensure daily vehicle checks are carried out?

■ Is planned/preventive maintenance performed according to the manufacturer’s guidelines? Keep in mind that a MOT certificate only covers fundamental problems and does not ensure a vehicle’s safety.

■ Do you ensure that your tyres and windscreen wipers are frequently tested and replaced as necessary?

■ What mechanisms exist for reporting defects, and are they promptly resolved?

■ How do you guarantee that maintenance and repairs are performed at an acceptable level?

■ Do you have a policy that prohibits driving risky vehicles?

Are you sure that drivers’ health, and possibly safety, is not being put at risk, e.g. from an inappropriate seating position or driving posture?

■ Before purchasing or leasing new automobiles, do you consider ergonomic factors (such as the driving posture and the ease of access to controls)?

■ Do you involve drivers in chair design decisions?

■ Do you instruct drivers on how to maintain proper posture and, if applicable, how to adjust their seat?

Safe journey

Do you plan routes thoroughly?

■ Might you utilise safer routes that are more suited for the type of vehicle making the trip? The safest roads are the interstates, whereas minor roads are less secure and may provide issues for larger vehicles, despite the fact that they may be suitable for cars.

■ Does your route planning take into account overhead limits, such as bridges and tunnels, as well as other risks, such as level crossings, that may be hazardous for lengthy vehicles?

■ Can you minimise or reduce long road trips by combining alternative modes of transportation or methods of work? For instance, transport items in bulk by train and then arrange for local distribution by truck or van, or schedule meetings via conference calls or video links.

■ Do you develop routes in conjunction with drivers or their representatives, taking into account the necessity for rest stops and access to restrooms and washing facilities, for example?

Are work schedules realistic?

■ When creating work schedules, do you consider the times when drivers are most likely to feel drowsy? Most sleep-related occurrences occur between 2 am and 6 am and 2 pm and 4 pm.

■ Have you taken measures to prevent employees from driving while drowsy, regardless of the impact on delivery schedules?

■ Are tachographs installed on cars as required and periodically inspected? Other in-vehicle monitoring and telemetry equipment help guarantee that drivers are not endangering themselves or others.

■ Do you attempt to avoid peak travel times?

■ Do you accommodate new employees, young workers, and trainee drivers?

Do you allow enough time to complete journeys safely?

■ Do travel times account for road kinds and conditions, as well as rest stops? Every two hours, the Highway Code mandates that drivers take a 15-minute rest.

■ Would you expect a part-time driver to drive and work longer than a full-time driver? Professional HGV drivers must adhere to the driving hours regulations. Further information is available at www.gov.uk/drivers-hours/overview.

■ Because of predetermined arrival times, does corporate policy place pressure on drivers and push them to take excessive risks, such as exceeding safe speeds?

■ Do you provide drivers sufficient time to deliver loads safely?

■ How can you ensure that drivers are not required to work excessively long days? Recognize that kids will sometimes be embarking on a journey from their home.

■ Have you considered warning drivers who work long or irregular hours about the dangers of driving home while overly exhausted? Could an alternative, such as an overnight stay, be considered?

Do you consider poor weather conditions, such as snow or high winds, when

planning journeys?

■ Can your travel timings and routes be modified to allow for inclement weather? Where feasible, is this performed?

■ Are automobiles equipped to function in inclement weather, such as by having anti-lock brakes or winter tyres and windscreen washer fluid with the necessary freezing point?

■ Do drivers understand how to limit risk, e.g., do drivers of high-sided vehicles realise they must take extra precautions when travelling with a small load in high winds?

■ Do drivers feel compelled to complete trips despite extreme weather conditions, and do they know who to contact if they need to cancel a trip?

References

https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg244.PDF

https://www.hseblog.com/check-the-basic-hazards-of-work-at-height/

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https://www.hseblog.com/control-measures-to-prevent-materials-falling-from-height/#:~:text=Guardrails%20and%20Toeboards&text=This%20can%20be%20achieved%20by,to%20stop%20materials%20from%20falling.

https://simplifiedsafety.com/blog/10-safety-tips-for-working-at-heights/

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